Give Me Liberty Third Edition Review Chapter Answers
Advisor: Robert A. Ferguson, George Edward Woodberry Professor in Police, Literature and Criticism, Columbia University, National Humanities Heart Fellow
Copyright National Humanities Center, 2015
What arguments, appeals, and rhetorical strategies did Patrick Henry use in 1775 to persuade reluctant members of the Second Virginia Convention to develop a military response to British aggression?
Understanding
In 1775 American independence was non a foregone conclusion. While in that location had been unrest and resistance in Massachusetts with scattered acts of support from other areas, no organized movement toward revolution existed across the Colonies. Virginia ranked among the largest, wealthiest, and near populous colonies in 1775, and her political and military support for independence would be crucial for success. In this speech communication Patrick Henry (1736–1799) uses powerful rhetoric to convince influential, affluent, landed men of Virginia with much to lose to motility past their current diplomatic posture opposing British assailment to the more treasonous one of open armed services preparedness.
Patrick Henry, 1736–1799
Text
Patrick Henry, oral communication to the Virginia Convention, March 23, 1775.
Text Type
Speech, non-fiction.
Text Complexity
Form eleven-CCR complexity band.
For more information on text complexity see these resources from achievethecore.org.
In the Text Assay section, Tier 2 vocabulary words are defined in pop-ups, and Tier 3 words are explained in brackets.
Click here for standards and skills for this lesson.
X
Common Core Country Standards
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.eleven-12.one (cite evidence to clarify specifically and by inference)
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.4 (decide the meaning of words and phrases)
- ELA-LITERACY.RI.11-12.6 (make up one's mind author's point of view)
Advanced Placement US History
- Central Concept 3.1 (IIB) (arguments well-nigh rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual,…)
Instructor's Note
In this lesson students will deconstruct Patrick Henry'southward famous speech to explore the tools of effective persuasion, including appeals, rhetorical strategies, and classical argument. This is a persuasive speech, i intended not simply to present an argument merely too to persuade the audition to act. While the speech communication can be used to investigate issues of freedom, power, and rights of the governed, this lesson focuses upon effective rhetoric. The spoken language includes several Biblical allusions — revolutionary rhetoricians often used Biblical references considering it immune them to speak more than strongly against Uk without using overtly treasonous speech.
The text of this speech communication is well known; less well known is the fact that there was no bodily transcript created of Henry's oral communication — later on all, these discussions smacked of treason, and keeping a written record would have been unsafe. In an environment of digital media and earth-wide instant communication, students may wonder how Henry'due south words were preserved. This speech was recreated in 1817 by William Wirt of Maryland, who published the first biography of Patrick Henry. Wirt drew upon materials collected commencement in 1808, including interviews with those who knew Henry and those who were present when the speech was delivered. For an electronic version of Wirt's book, visit this link: Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry.
The provenance of the speech nonetheless, Henry's words provide a rich source to study rhetorical strategies and classical statement, and that report is the focus of this lesson. This text divides into four sections aligned to the organisation of classical argument.
- The first two paragraphs form the introduction (Exordium). The Exordium attempts to engage the audience, to set them for the message to come, and to explain the purpose (thesis) of the speech.
- The third paragraph provides the argument of fact (Narratio) and argument (Confirmatio). The Narratio contextualizes the statement, presenting any background information necessary, while the Confirmatio explains the bear witness that supports the thesis.
- The fourth paragraph presents and refutes counter arguments (Refutatio).
- The final paragraph forms the decision (Peroratio). The Peroratio serves several purposes: to restate an statement, to amplify reasoning, to inspire an audience, and to rouse emotional responses.
Each paragraph is accompanied by a number of shut reading questions designed to invite student analysis in four major areas: classical statement construction, diction and syntax, rhetorical strategies, and argumentative appeals (logos, ethos, and pathos).
This lesson is divided into two parts, both attainable below. The teacher'south guide includes a background note, the text analysis with responses to the close reading questions, access to the interactive exercises, and a follow-upwardly assignment. The student's version, an interactive PDF, contains all of the above except the responses to the close reading questions and the follow-up assignment.
Teacher'southward Guide (continues below)
| Student Version (click to open)
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Teacher'south Guide
Groundwork
Background Questions
- What kind of text are we dealing with?
- When was information technology written?
- Who wrote it?
- For what audience was it intended?
- For what purpose was information technology written?
In 1775 unrest bubbled through the American Colonies. Great britain had severely restricted Massachusetts through the Intolerable Acts; towns were voting to boycott British goods, and British soldiers were becoming a mutual sight in the American Colonies. In this lesson you will explore a famous speech by Patrick Henry (1736–1799), member of the Second Virginia Convention. Patrick Henry is non speaking in the Virginia House of Burgesses [the land legislature] in Williamsburg because information technology had been dissolved the year earlier by Imperial Governor Dunmore. Resenting this British interference with local government, the members of the Firm of Burgesses regrouped as a state convention. In order to avoid whatsoever interference from British troops, the Second Convention of approximately 120 delegates met in Richmond, Virginia, from March 20 through March 27.
The American Colonies were attempting to negotiate with British in 1775, and many of Henry's fellow delegates wanted to look until these negotiations were completed before taking action. Simply Henry felt that filibuster would be a major error. On March 23, 1775, he asked the Virginia Convention to take a defensive stance immediately against Not bad Great britain by raising an armed company in every Virginia county — an action considered by many to be open up treason. His speech reflected linguistic communication and deportment far more radical that his beau delegates were willing to become in public, but Henry based his asking upon the assumption that even more ambitious military deportment by the British would soon follow. Twenty-seven days after this speech was delivered the Battles of Lexington and Hold proved Henry correct.
In this lesson you will look at Patrick Henry'south speech and analyze his methods for convincing his fellow members of the Virginia Convention to have a armed services stance confronting the British. These delegates were wealthy and powerful and they had much to lose; Henry's request was a big determination that many of them were reluctant to make. Henry used not only rhetorical devices but as well the strategies of classical argument, making a potentially confusing situation simple and straightforward as he attempted to move all his fellow delegates toward the same outcome. His recommendations were accustomed by the Convention.
The speech divides into the four parts of a classical argument, divers below. As you analyze the private parts of the spoken communication, look likewise for how these parts of the statement piece of work together.
- The first ii paragraphs form the introduction (Exordium). The Exordium attempts to engage the audience, preparing them for the message to come, and to explain the purpose (thesis) of the speech.
- The third paragraph provides the statement of fact (Narratio) and argument (Confirmatio). The Narratio contextualizes the argument, presenting any background information necessary, while the Confirmatio lays out in order the evidence to back up the thesis.
- The fourth paragraph presents and refutes counter arguments (Refutatio).
- The final paragraph forms the conclusion (Peroratio). The Peroratio may perform several purposes: to restate an argument, to amplify reasoning, to inspire an audience, and to rouse emotional responses.
Text Analysis
Paragraph i: Exordium
Close Reading Questions
Activeness: Vocabulary
Learn definitions by exploring how words are used in context.
1. The get-go paragraph of classical argument, the exordium, seeks to engage the audition and gear up them to hear the speaker's bulletin. Requite an example in this paragraph of an endeavour to engage the audience and an example of an endeavour to set the audience.
Henry seeks to engage his audience by showing his respect for them. He recognizes and compliments the patriotism and abilities of the other members of the Convention in his kickoff sentence (notation that Henry continues to accost the torso as the Firm). He prepares his audience by expresses the promise that they volition show him the same respect when he states in sentence 2, "I hope information technology will non exist thought disrespectful…" Even though he will be speaking contrary to what has been previously presented, he reminds his audience that they are all colleagues by referring to the entire group, as in sentence six, "we can hope to arrive at the truth."
2. Another function of the exordium is to explain the purpose of the speech communication. What purpose does Henry establish, and to what is he appealing in lodge to emphasize this purpose?
The purpose of the fence, of which this speech is a part, is to "get in at truth" and fulfill the "corking responsibility which we hold to God and our country" (sentence 6). He is highly-seasoned to the ethical integrity of his audience by articulating their earthly and heavenly responsibilities.
iii. Why does Henry apply the term "gentlemen" twice in the outset two sentences?
In social club for others to have a different idea, they must first believe they are existence respected. Henry seeks to found his respect for those who exercise not agree with him by referring to them as gentlemen. In improver, Henry is hoping to imply that since he is as well a member of the Convention that they will give him and his ideas the aforementioned respect.
four. Why does Henry brainstorm the second judgement with "but"?
This is a rhetorical shift in perspective that helps to prepare his audience. Even though he is a fellow member of the Convention, he uses a rhetorical shift to explicate that what he will say from that point on will be different than that heard before.
five. In sentence 3 what does Henry mean when he says, "this is no time for ceremony"? Why does he utilize the term "ceremony"?
He ways this is no time to simply say things because they might sound conciliatory, since ceremonies are often for visual brandish rather than actual action. He is emphasizing the time-sensitive nature of this argue and establishing the importance of immediate, serious discussion rather than a postponement of the issue (retrieve that some members of the Convention wished to await until negotiations had run their course before starting time military preparedness).
6. What does Henry mean past "atrocious moment" in sentence four? Why does he employ this phrase?
He means that the question nether discussion is extremely important with potentially life-irresolute consequences. He is recognizing the treasonable nature of this discussion, displaying not only his own courage just asking his fellow delegates to show backbone as well.
7. In sentence 5, when Henry states, "I consider information technology as cypher less than a question of freedom or slavery," he commits a logical fallacy. The false dichotomy (either-or) fallacy gives only 2 options with no choices in between, and Henry uses this intentionally. Why?
By eliminating other options he is focusing his argument. He wants the listeners to sympathize that in that location are only 2 options; freedom, which he is advocating, or slavery, which he knows these proud, wealthy men, many of whom are slaveholders, will not tolerate.
8. In sentence seven Henry argues on the basis of "ethos," which is Greek for "character." Such an argument is chosen an "ethical appeal." It attempts to win over listeners on the basis of the trustworthiness of the speaker. How, in this sentence, does Henry suggest that his listeners can trust him?
Past highly-seasoned to religion as he calls upon the "majesty of heaven," Henry makes an ethical (ethos) appeal that his audience will understand intellectually and emotionally. The Convention members consider themselves to exist men of integrity and ethics, as Henry acknowledged in sentence 1. In judgement 7 Henry is request them to understand that he likewise is compelled to speak based on his own sense of integrity (if he holds back, he would consider himself "guilty of treason"). He reminds his audience that he, like them, is a believer and is trustworthy.
9. How does the upstanding entreatment in sentence 7 relate to the ethical appeal in sentence 1?
In sentence one Henry acknowledges the patriotism of the members of the Firm who have but spoken. In sentence 7 he enumerates his own ethics, stating that he must speak at present or be guilty of both treason to his country and disloyalty to the "majesty of sky." This reaffirms his trustworthiness with his audience.
MR. PRESIDENT: (1) No homo thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, besides every bit abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who take just addressed the House. (2) But different men often see the same subject in different lights; and, therefore, I promise it will not exist idea disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining every bit I do, opinions of a grapheme very opposite to theirs, I shall speak forth my sentiments freely, and without reserve. (three) This is no time for ceremony. (four) The question before the Firm is one of awful moment to this state. (5) For my own part, I consider information technology as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery; and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of the debate. (half-dozen) It is only in this way that we tin promise to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which we concur to God and our country. (7) Should I continue back my opinions at such a fourth dimension, through fear of giving offence, I should consider myself as guilty of treason towards my country, and of an deed of disloyalty toward the majesty of heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings.
Statue of Patrick Henry, Richmond, Virginia.
Paragraph 2: Exoridum, connected
Close Reading Questions
x. In this second paragraph of the exordium, Henry works to explain the importance and timeliness of his argument past setting upwards a dissimilarity between illusions and truth in sentences eight and 12. Co-ordinate to Henry, which will his statement comprise and which volition information technology NOT comprise?
He states that it is "natural to homo to indulge in the illusions of promise" but in the last judgement of the paragraph he conspicuously says he will non do that — he volition know the "whole truth." His statement will incorporate truth simply will not contain illusions.
11. Henry uses the word "hope" several times in this speech communication. Give an example of an "illusion of promise" that Henry suggests in this second paragraph.
One illusion would be the thought that the Colonies and Great britain could negotiate an acceptable peace without state of war.
12. Allusions, unexplained references to other sources, are usually based upon the Bible or mythology. What allusion does Henry use in sentence 9 when he says "mind to the vocal of that siren till she transforms us into beasts?" How does this allusion contribute to his argument?
He is alluding to the sirens found in the ballsy The Odyssey. Siren calls are alluring and difficult to resist even if expected, but they can be deadly. Henry is saying that to listen to this call, this "illusion of hope", fifty-fifty though it is tempting, volition prove fatal and transform the Convention into something unable to reason and act (beasts).
thirteen. Henry uses multiple biblical allusions with which his educated audience would be familiar. In judgement eleven he says "Are we disposed of the number of those who, having optics, encounter not, and, having ears, hear not." This is from Ezekiel 12:2, when god describes how those who hear Ezekiel's words and practise not listen will be destroyed. How does this allusion contribute to Henry's argument?
Henry is implying that not seeing or listening to his statement volition lead to destruction.
14. Juxtaposition ways to put two elements side by side, oftentimes for comparing. Henry does this in sentences 11 and 12. What is his purpose in first asking if they are "tending to… meet not, and… hear not" and then stating, "…I am willing to know the whole truth: to know the worst, and to provide for it"?
He again sets up a selection for his audition. Would they rather ignore the situation and have dangerous outcomes (this choice is defined by the previous allusions to the sirens and Ezekiel) or instead know the truth and prepare? He clearly indicates that he chooses the 2nd option.
(8) Mr. President, it is natural to human being to indulge in the illusions of promise. (9) We are apt to shut our optics against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren till she transforms usa into beasts. (10) Is this the part of wise men, engaged in a cracking and arduous struggle for freedom? (11) Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal conservancy? (12) For my part, any anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth; to know the worst, and to provide for information technology.
Henry delivered his 1775 speech at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.
Paragraph 3: Narratio and Confirmatio
Shut Reading Questions
The Narratio contextualizes the argument, including presenting any background data necessary, while the Confirmatio lays out in order the prove to support the thesis. Henry lists several negotiation attempts by colonists and British responses. He uses rhetorical strategies and appeals to further develop his statement, making certain that each item is contextualized from the Colonial perspective.
15. Henry begins this paragraph with some other Biblical innuendo, "one lamp past which my feet are guided" (Psalms 119:105). Rather than the word of God, which is the lamp plant in the Biblical verse, what is the lamp that Henry uses to guide his anxiety in sentence 13? Why does he make this connexion?
The lamp is experience. Henry recounts by experiences and events that "guide his feet" and make fighting a necessity.
16. Henry continues to employ "gentlemen" in this paragraph. Why?
He wants to maintain his respect for his audience and remind them that he is one of them. Equally his argument builds he wants to take them along with him — reiterating the fact that they are esteemed colleagues.
17. What does "solace" mean? Why does Henry use this term?
"Solace" means comfort in distress. Henry cautions his audience that the "hopes" of the past may have been used to comfort the Convention, merely such comfort is an illusion and will not concluding.
xviii. Henry uses parallelism (structuring phrases in similar fashion) several times in this paragraph. Consider sentence 40, specially the verbs. How does Henry employ both parallelism and verb choice (diction) to explain that the Colonies have tried many steps to maintain peace?
"We take petitioned; we accept remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated; [we] have implored…" He uses the parallel structure to betoken the procedure by which the Colonies have taken multiple steps to resolve differences. He chooses verbs that are increasingly dramatic to remind his audience that the Colonies have tried everything without result. Consider "petition" (to bring written grievances) versus "remonstrate" (to forcefully protest) versus "supplicate" (to beg earnestly or humbly) versus "prostrate" (to totally submit) versus "implore" (to beg desperately).
19. In the second paragraph Henry spoke of the "illusions of hope." In sentence 43 he says, "There is no longer any room for promise." Why did he apply this term again?
He is linking this part of his argument to the exordium and explaining that whatsoever chance of hope no longer exists. He is moving his audience abroad from the position of illusive promise that they may have held at the beginning of his speech toward another position.
20. Henry over again makes a Biblical allusion in judgement eighteen, "Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss." Christ was betrayed by his disciple Judas through the buss of brotherhood, which led to Christ's arrest and crucifixion (Luke 22:47). Who does Henry believe represents Judas and how does this allusion every bit a metaphor contribute to Henry's statement?
He believes the British represent Judas and that while they will appear brotherly to the Colonies they will betray, leading to Colonial downfall.
21. Antithesis ways to put two ideas together in order to contrast them, pointing out their differences. In sentence xx, what does Henry contrast with "love and reconciliation"? What is the effect?
He contrasts them with "fleets and armies." The event is to highlight the fact that Cracking Britain does not consider "love and reconciliation" a viable strategy, since they have responded with "fleets and armies," and these should be "the last arguments to which kings resort." Henry emphasizes that Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland has already taken the matter past the diplomatic phase to the military level.
22. Hypophora is a special blazon of rhetorical question whereby a question is asked and then answered by the speaker (every bit opposed to a typical rhetorical question, which is either not answered or has a yep/no answer). A hypophora is useful to present to an audition issues they may not have considered in depth. Find at least one example of hypophora in this paragraph and explain its contribution to Henry'due south argument.
Some possibilities follow:
- "Are fleets and armies necessary to a piece of work of love and reconciliation?" "These are the implements of war; the final arguments to which kings resort." (sentences twenty and 23). Henry emphasizes the seriousness of the war machine response that Groovy Britain has already displayed.
- "Has Great Britain whatever enemy, in this quarter of the globe, to call for all this aggregating of navies and armies?" "No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us; they can be meant for no other." (sentences 26 and 27). Henry points out that the British military response cannot be interpreted equally anything other than a direct challenge to the Colonies.
- "And what have we to oppose to them? Shall nosotros endeavour argument?" "Sir, nosotros have been trying that for the last x years." (sentences 30, 31, and 32). Henry reminds his audience that the Colonies have been trying to negotiate for ten years without results.
23. Henry start mentions slavery in paragraph one when he contrasts it with freedom. Notice an instance of slave imagery in this paragraph. What is Henry's purpose in using this image in paragraph iii?
In sentence 29 Henry states, "They [the armies and fleets] are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry accept been and then long forging." He wishes to go along the image of slavery to explain that the Colonies accept used argument to combat the attempts of the British to enslave them, but these efforts take failed. Convention delegates included slaveholders who would recognize and recoil from this imagery.
24. Rhetorical parenthesis is the insertion into a sentence of an explanatory word or phrase. Consider sentence 42, "In vain, after these things, may nosotros indulge the addicted hope of peace and reconciliation." Identify the parenthesis and Henry'southward purpose for including it.
The parenthesis is "afterwards these things," and Henry is referring to the Colonies' attempts at reconciliation. By using the parenthesis he connects those failed attempts to the end of the "hope of peace and reconciliation."
25. Metonomy and synecdoche are special types of metaphors. In a metonomy, something strongly associated with an chemical element is substituted for information technology (for instance, "The White Business firm" is substituted for "the President"). In a synecdoche, office of an element substitutes for the whole (for instance, "subcontract hands" ways "farm laborers"). Find an example of metonomy and synecdoche in this paragraph and identify what each represents.
"The foot of the throne" (judgement 41) is metonomy, representing the Male monarch. "Tyrannical hands of the ministry building and Parliament" (sentence twoscore) is synecdoche, representing the British regime.
26. Henry finishes this paragraph with an appeal to logic in the form of an "if… then" statement. What is the "if… and then" statement in this paragraph?
He states in sentence 44, "If we wish to be gratuitous… [then] we must fight"!
27. Henry builds to a syllogistic argument, an entreatment to logic, at the stop of this paragraph. Identify the three parts of his syllogism (Major premise [A], Modest premise [B], and Determination), citing evidence from the text.
- Major premise [A]: Nosotros must either talk or fight to achieve results.
- Minor premise [B]: Talking does not attain results.
- Decision: Therefore, nosotros must fight to achieve results.
For more data about syllogisms, see Understanding Syllogisms
28. In this paragraph Henry uses emotional appeals, language intended to create an emotional response from the audience. Choose 3 examples of emotional linguistic communication from excerpt 3. Yous may choose words, phrases, imagery, or other language elements. For each of your examples explain how they are intended to arouse Henry'south audience.
Answers will vary.
(thirteen) I accept but ane lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of experience. (14) I know of no style of judging of the future just past the past. (15) And judging past the past, I wish to know what in that location has been in the conduct of the British ministry building for the last x years, to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves, and the House? (sixteen) Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received? (17) Trust information technology non, sir; it will show a snare to your anxiety. (18) Suffer non yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. (nineteen) Inquire yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with these state of war-like preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. (xx) Are fleets and armies necessary to a piece of work of dear and reconciliation? (21) Have we shown ourselves and so unwilling to be reconciled, that forcefulness must be called in to win back our love? (22) Let usa not deceive ourselves, sir. (23) These are the implements of state of war and subjugation; the terminal arguments to which kings resort. (24) I ask, gentlemen, sir, what ways this martial array, if its purpose exist not to force us to submission? (25) Tin gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it? (26) Has Corking Britain any enemy, in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? (27) No, sir, she has none. (28) They are meant for usa; they tin can exist meant for no other. (29) They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those bondage which the British ministry has been so long forging. (30) And what have we to oppose to them? (31) Shall we try argument? (32) Sir, we take been trying that for the last ten years. (33) Have we anything new to offering upon the subject? (34) Nothing. (35) We have held the field of study up in every light of which information technology is capable; but information technology has been all in vain. (36) Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? (37) What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted? (38) Let u.s. not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. (39) Sir, we have done everything that could exist done, to avert the storm which is at present coming on. (40) Nosotros have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we accept supplicated; nosotros have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. (41) Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we take been spurned, with contempt, from the human foot of the throne. (42) In vain, later these things, may we indulge the fond promise of peace and reconciliation. (43) There is no longer any room for promise. (44) If we wish to be gratis, if we mean to preserve inviolate those costive privileges for which we have been so long contending, if we mean non basely to carelessness the noble struggle in which we have been then long engaged, and which nosotros have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained, nosotros must fight! (45) I repeat it, sir, we must fight! (46) An entreatment to arms and to the God of Hosts is all that is left united states of america!
Patrick Henry's "Treason" speech before the House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765.
Paragraph 4: Refutatio
Shut Reading Questions
29. The refutatio presents and refutes counter arguments. In paragraph iv Henry uses procatalepsis, an argumentative strategy that anticipates an objection and and then answers it. What argument does he conceptualize and what ii rhetorical strategies does he apply to refute information technology?
He anticipates the statement that the Colonies are too weak to fight. He answers it through tonal shifts and appeals.
30. Henry shifts tone in the beginning of this paragraph to irony, the use of language that conveys the opposite of the intended meaning. How does he convey a ironic tone? Cite evidence from the text.
He uses ironic rhetorical questions — questions that convey the reverse of what he attempts to argue. Examples include "Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house" and the two questions that follow it (sentences l, 51, and 52).
31. How does Henry shift from a ironic tone back to his urgent statement? Cite show from the text.
He inserts appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos. He appeals to ethos in judgement 53 by saying "we are not weak if we make a proper use of those ways which the God of nature hath placed in our power." In sentence 54 he appeals to Logos and pathos past citing "three millions of people (logos) armed in the holy crusade of liberty (pathos), and in such a land every bit that which nosotros possess (pathos, patriotism)."
32. In sentence 58, what does Henry mean by "we take no election"?
He means there is no choice only to fight.
33. Most of the British military activeness to this signal had occurred in and around Boston. How does Henry effort to connect the fate of Virginia to that of Boston, and why would he wish to brand this connection?
He uses the possessive pronoun "our" when discussing the bondage, even though the clanking is heard is Boston. This addresses ane of the objections fabricated by southern colonies to taking upward arms against the British — that the "trouble" was centered in Massachusetts, non Virginia.
34. Asyndeton is a series of phrases or words with conjunctions deleted. Discover an instance of asyndeton in this paragraph. What is its purpose?
An example is in sentence 57, "the vigilant, the active, the brave." Henry uses this to emphasize the positive qualities of those who will take up the battle.
35. Notice an example of Henry's return to an prototype of slavery at the end of this paragraph. What is the purpose of returning to this metaphor even so again?
In sentences 61 and 62 he states, "Our bondage are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston!" He challenges his audience with the fact that they are already enslaved and implies that they must themselves remove the chains. His use of pronouns reinforces the idea that the bondage heard in Boston are also the chains of Virginians. (The mention of Boston most probably refers to the Intolerable Acts and their enforcement.)
(47) They tell us, sir, that we are weak; unable to cope with and so formidable an antagonist. (48) But when shall we exist stronger? (49) Volition it be the next week, or the next year? (fifty) Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British baby-sit shall be stationed in every house? (51) Shall we get together strength past irresolution and inaction? (52) Shall nosotros acquire the ways of effectual resistance, past lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies shall take bound us hand and foot? (53) Sir, we are non weak if we brand a proper use of those ways which the God of nature hath placed in our power. (54) Three millions of people, armed in the holy crusade of liberty, and in such a country equally that which nosotros possess, are invincible past whatever forcefulness which our enemy can transport against united states of america. (55) Also, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. (56) There is a only God who presides over the destinies of nations; and who volition raise upwardly friends to fight our battles for us. (57) The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. (58) Besides, sir, we take no ballot. (59) If we were base enough to want information technology, it is at present too late to retire from the competition. (60) At that place is no retreat but in submission and slavery! (61) Our chains are forged! (62) Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! (63) The war is inevitable and let it come! (64) I repeat it, sir, let information technology come.
Paragraph five: Peroratio
Close Reading Questions
36. The Peroratio, or conclusion, has several purposes, including: to restate an argument, to amplify reasoning, to inspire an audience, and to rouse emotional responses. Cite an example from the text of each of these iv purposes.
- To restate: "Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace but there is no peace." (judgement 66)
- To dilate: "the state of war is actually begun" (judgement 67)
- To rouse: "Why stand up we here idle?" (sentence 70)
- To inspire: "Give me liberty or requite me death" (sentence 75)
37. What image does Henry utilise to convey that the battle has already begun?
He states in sentence 68, "the next gale… will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms."
38. In sentences 70 through 73, Henry uses a serial of questions which straight claiming his swain delegates. What is his purpose in asking these questions?
He wishes to inspire his colleagues to artillery, in order to avoid the "bondage and slavery."
39. In sentence 75, probably the well-nigh famous sentence from this speech, Henry uses antonym to set up a articulate dissimilarity. What does he contrast? What is the consequence of this contrast?
He contrasts liberty and death, terminal that without liberty death is preferable.
forty. Sententia, especially useful in speeches, is an argumentative device that uses sound to sum upwardly an argument. What is the sententia in this speech?
"Requite me freedom or give me death!"
41. How does Henry's final argument, "Give me liberty or give me death" represent the courage of both Henry and his audition?
Henry states that he is willing to endure a traitor's death rather than be denied freedom. This was an either/or pick with zilch in betwixt, and a traitor's expiry was quite likely if the patriot efforts failed. This indicates the courage that Henry displays by making the voice communication and by implication he recognizes the courage that will be necessary for his beau delegates to have action.
(65) It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. (66) Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace but at that place is no peace. (67) The war is actually begun! (68) The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding artillery! (69) Our brethren are already in the field! (seventy) Why stand we here idle? (71) What is it that gentlemen wish? (72) What would they take? (73) Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the toll of chains and slavery? (74) Forbid it, Almighty God! (75) I know non what form others may take; but equally for me, requite me freedom or requite me expiry!
Follow-Upwardly Assignment
How might the format of the Henry spoken language apply to electric current events, particularly in countries and regions of political unrest? If there had been social media in 1775 would this speech have been interpreted differently? Investigate the role of social media in the Arab Jump (2012) or other current events every bit directed by your teacher and so rewrite this speech communication for a social media platform. Share your results with your class.
Vocabulary Pop-Ups
- entertaining: thinking
- moment: importance
- magnitude: greatness
- revere: highly respect
- indulge: yield to desire
- arduous: very hard
- temporal: worldly
- anguish: great distress
- solace: condolement
- insidious: deceitful
- snare: trap
- petition: formal request
- comports: agrees with
- implements: tools
- subjugation: enslavement
- martial assortment: warlike display
- rivet: spike firmly
- entreaty: earnest asking
- supplication: meek request
- beseech: to appeal urgently
- avert: preclude
- remonstrated: forcefully protested
- prostrated: totally submitted
- implored: begged badly
- interposition: influence
- tyrannical: unjustly cruel
- slighted: ignored
- spurned: rejected
- in vain: without result
- inviolate: undisturbed
- inestimable: priceless
- contending: competing
- basely: dishonorably
- formidable: powerful
- adversary: enemy
- irresolution: indecision
- effectual: effective
- supinely: passively
- delusive: misleading
- phantom: ghost
- invincible: cannot be defeated
- vigilant: always alert
- election: pick
- forged: fabricated
- extenuate: stretch out
- gale: strong wind
- resounding: echoing loudly
- brethren: brothers
Text:
- Patrick Henry, speech to the Virginia Convention, 1775. http://avalon.constabulary.yale.edu/18th_century/patrick.asp
Images:
- George Matthews, "Patrick Henry, half-length portrait." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/det.4a26383/ [accessed August 2015]
- "Patrick Henry on the George Washington equestrian statue at Capitol Square, Richmond, Virginia." http://www.richmond.com/image_d0936222-3d78-11e2-9cd8-001a4bcf6878.html [accessed September 2015]
- "Saint John'southward Church, Richmond, Virginia, where Patrick Henry delivered his famous speech." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.34917/ [accessed August 2015]
- Peter F. Rothermel, "Patrick Henry's 'Treason' spoken communication earlier the House of Burgesses," 1851. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry#/media/File:Patrick_Henry_Rothermel.jpg [accessed August 2015]
- "'Requite me liberty, or give me expiry!' Patrick Henry delivering his great oral communication on the rights of the colonies, before the Virginia Associates, convened at Richmond, March 23rd 1775, concluding with the higher up sentiment, which became the war weep of the revolution." Lithograph. New York: Published by Currier & Ives, c1876. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b50326/ [accessed September 2015]
Source: https://americainclass.org/patrick-henry-give-me-liberty/
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